Fig 1

Multipath geometry model of low-angle target"

Fig 2

Array patterns for $ {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{{\bf{3D}}}} $ with the beams pointing to $ {{ {\boldsymbol{- 2}}}/ {\boldsymbol{M}}} $, 0, and $ {{\boldsymbol{2}} / {\boldsymbol{M}}} $"

Fig 3

Array patterns for $ {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{{\bf{sd}}}} $ with the beams pointing to $ {{ {\boldsymbol{- 2}}} /{\boldsymbol{M}}} $ and $ {{\boldsymbol{2}} / {\boldsymbol{M}}} $"

Fig 4

Array patterns for $ {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{{\bf{sd}}}} $ with the beams pointing to $ - {{{{\boldsymbol{4}}}} / {\boldsymbol{M}}} $, 0, and $ {{\boldsymbol{4/ M}}} $."

Table 1

Computational complexity"

Fig 5

Theoretical and experimental RMSE of angle estimation against SNR"

Fig 6

RMSE of angle estimation against angle for 64 snapshots"

Fig 7

RMSE of angle estimation against angle for a single snapshot"

Fig 8

Normalized power of ideal signal in element-space in multipath environment against angle"

Fig 9

RMSE of target elevation angle with different beams setting against angle"

Table 2

Meaning of the four lines in Fig. 9"

Fig 10

RMSE of target elevation angle against antenna height error"

Fig 11

RMSE of target elevation angle against amplitude error of reflection coefficient"

Fig 12

RMSE of target elevation angle against phase error of reflection coefficient"

Fig 13

Estimation of target height against frames"

Fig 14

Estimation error of target height against frames"